Management Theories Essay Research Paper Assignment 1

Management Theories Essay, Research Paper

Assignment 1 Management Theories Scott Straughan

Investigate the development of management as a theory and discipline. Asses the relevance of these theories to modern day managers and identify the key management skills that will be of importance to the manager of the millennium.

For the purpose of this essay modern day manager shall mean managers of the present day. Management skills are skills that managers need to be good at there work.

In this essay I will be investigating management theories at the start of this century, then looking at the progression of management up until the present day, this will include research carried out by a number of people which gave growth to HRM as we know it today. I will then identify key management skills in these theories and assess their relevance to today s management, I will also identify the management skills required in today s workforce.

At the turn of the century there were a lot of important developments in management. Oil companies (standard oil trust) and (u.s. steel, the first 1 billion dollar company) were rapidly expanding. Smaller and medium sized companies had to improve efficiency in order to survive against the big giants.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) began to look at the measurement of work, he broke down each task to find out how long it would take, he then planned ahead for numbers of workers wanted and what training they would need, he then decided what wages the workers were worth accordingly to what they accomplished. At the same time Henry ford (1896-1947) reduced his chassis assembly time from twelve and a half hours to ninety three minutes through using these methods. Managers were starting to plan ahead more to increase efficiency, as competition increased researchers began to look at other ways of improving efficiency even more, they started to look at the working environment.

Elton mayo (1880-1949) carried out the Hawthorne experiments , they looked at relationships in the workplace and working conditions. Mayo found that peoples needs and attitudes had much more of an influence on productivity than the efficiency of the production line itself, this was called the human relations approach and is widely used today. The Hawthorne experiments looked at four areas :-

1. The illumination experiments

2. The relay assembly group experiments

3. The bank wiring group studies

4. The interviewing program

The purpose was to increase productivity. The illumination experiments looked at lighting and heating, mayo found even in poor working conditions productivity was still higher than average, the workers were working harder because someone was taking an interest in them. The relay assembly group experiments took six female workers and gave them there own separate areas to work in, they were given regular breaks and freedom to talk. The person who studied them also worked as their supervisor, the workers were consulted before any changes were made, and productivity was massively increased, again due to the fact someone was taking an interest in them. The bank wiring group studies involved fourteen male workers and was very similar to the relay assembly group experiments. Finally he carried out the interviewing program, this involved interviewing every worker (21,000 in total), they were asked about their opinion of the company they worked for and their attitudes towards their managers, the results were closely analysed afterwards. Mayo had found a way to increase productivity through better working relations and better working conditions. Productivity increased as a result of the following :-

1. A feeling of importance

2. Good team spirit

3. A common objective

4. A pleasant environment

5. Friendly supervision

Due to better working relations groups of workers worked harder, but what about personnel motivation .

During the war most of the young men were fighting, managers had to keep up with an incredible demand, they were given older retired workers and women, women had never been widely employed in factories before this time.

Managers looked to researchers to get the maximum effort out of workers. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) argued people do not just work for money, but for basic needs such as shelter, food for survival, and higher needs such as self esteem and confidence. This is called Maslows hierarchy of needs, Maslow describes fives types of needs arranged in a hierarchy, Maslow assumed people always wanted more, one level should be the motivator to the next.

Maslows hierarchy of needs

1. Physical needs basic needs such as food, water, shelter, air, rest, and sex.

2. Safety needs freedom from fear of threats, security and stability (pensions and healthcare)

3. Social needs the need for acceptance within a group, friendship, love affection and comfort when feeling down.

4. Esteem needs the need for achievement and recognition, respect for yourself. Managers can achieve this through training and development.

5. Self actualisation needs the need for a person to achieve their full potential, accomplishment and growth.

Not everyone meets these needs through work, some might gain them through social activities with friends, and a

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