Paper On Gendered Reason Essay Research Paper

Paper On Gendered Reason Essay, Research Paper

email: Lewiss@Hartwick.edutitle: A Paper on Gendered ReasonPhilosophical thought has traditionally been the realm of the masculine; one in which men thought women were unable to comprehend. Canonical philosophers have perpetuated a theory that women are less than capable of pondering subjects of importance, those dealing with rationale and reasoning. These theories came from the great philosophical thinkers, Plato and Aristotle, Descartes and Rousseau, Kant and Hume, Locke and Hegel. Each of them had their own reasons for believing the reasoning capacity of women to be inferior to men, differing on some views, but agreeing on many. Nancy Tuana gives a feminist approach to philosophy and critically analyses the theories set forth in her book “Woman and the History of Philosophy”. She states that “One of the most basic gender assumptions found throughout the philosophical canon is the tenet that man is the true form of humanity; that is, masculinity is equated with humanness.” (Tuana, p. 9). She expounds this statement in her critique of each of the theories by the above-mentioned philosophers. In doing so, Tuana shows how we have been conditioned to a standard way of looking at issues and thus we view the world in a certain way. This view has been biased by the indoctrination of philosophical teachings, and therefore we must question everything to find the truth in its meaning. Some of the theories explored clearly show a gender bias toward women, while others are not as blatant in their discrimination and actually seem to provide a neutral gender analysis or one that may even be considered as upholding feminine qualities. By using Tuana’s method of hermeneutics; however, we are given a different interpretation, one which many feminists would say is a clearer interpretation of canonical philosophical theory. It seems that there is a general consensus of those traits and characteristics seen as innately masculine and feminine. These traits are used to define what humanness is and are also used to judge our rational and moral capabilities. Beginning with Plato, we can see that the traditional feminine traits such as passion and emotion are seen as weaknesses in the human character which must be overcome in order to lead a righteous life. Of Plato’s theory, Tuana explains, “The soul of the man who conquered his emotions and used his intellect to govern his sensations would, upon the death of his body….whereupon he would have a blessed existence. But the man who failed in this would be reborn as a woman”. Upon failing again, this cycle of reincarnation would continue, and each time the existence would be in some form of a lower creature. Because of the traits women possess, Plato feels they are incapable of reasoning and are only concerned with passions and bodily desires. He only gives credit to women in saying that those who behave like men may have some superiority over men in lower classes but never come close to being equal to men in their own class. Tuana points out that Plato’s theory is based on the inherent differences in the souls of men and women. Plato’s student, Aristotle takes a slightly different view, basing his theory on the biological differences between the sexes. Aristotelian theory is based on how much heat a creature produces, enabling him to concoct matter so that it is able to develop. Man’s superiority over the animals is due to the fact that he produces more heat making him more perfect, and along those lines he is also superior to women. He feels that the body and soul are inseparable and on this basis disagrees with his teacher. Tuana points out the fallacy in Aristotle’s theory because he equates the semen, male reproductive fluid, with female menses. She believes that this is not an oversight on his part because he was very educated on human reproductive biology. These gender biases point directly at the skewed thinking during the time of these philosophers in order for Aristotle to disregard the fact that menses and semen are not of the same nature. He further goes on to state that women are mutilated men since they are not able to fully develop into humankind due to their lack of heat; however, females are necessary for reproduction since male semen is too little in quantity due to its potency to provide nourishment for a developing embryo, unlike the menses which is more profuse. And thus he says that the lack of heat to the embryo is what forms a female, thus the mutilated male because they were deprived of heat during development. Tuana’s summary of Aristotelian theory is that “Woman’s generative deficiency in heat makes her unable to develop fully, resulting in a weakness of both body and character. Unable to control her passions, woman must be within the rule of man”. (Tuana, p. 30). The theories of Plato and Aristotle differ in the reasons why men and women are different, but a central theme still remains that men are the true form of humankind and that women are incapable of reason because of their lack of intellect. The images that these two philosophers is bleak and it seems that later philosophers are not as harsh on feminine qualities. But Tuana shows how this theme still runs deep in later theories by carefully examining the role of women. The ability to be rational is paired with masculine traits, and therefore irrationality with the feminine. Moving on to Cartesian theory, we again see a separation