Conjure And Gloria Naylor

’s “Mama Day” Essay, Research Paper

A major source of concern affecting many African Americans today is the loss of their heritage. Gloria Naylor has written a novel about a timeless society where African roots and heritage are celebrated, even in a modern world that smothers cultural identity rather than encouraging or celebrating diversity. Mama Day, a 1988 novel written by Gloria Naylor details the lives and customs of a colony of former slaves who are far closer to their African roots and cultural traditions than any blacks living on the mainland could ever be. The island of Willow Springs where the majority of the story is set, is a small barrier island off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. The reason for the location of Willow Springs is because it is closer to Africa and it lies in the path through which hurricanes often strike. In one interview, Naylor explains the significance of the hurricanes that frequently strike Willow Springs. She states that the inhabitants of Willow Springs, “briefly experience the feelings of middle passage, the voyage of slaves from Africa to the Caribbean islands, and eventually the American mainland” (Carabi 38). One of the most interesting themes that is involved with the rather complex plot is that of conjure. This idea of conjure women likely comes from the tribal religions that were practiced in Africa before slaves were brought across the Atlantic. The use of conjure is deeply rooted it African tradition. Although the residents of Willow Springs appear to be Christian; they have a church and a reverend, it is unusual that both Mama Day and Ruby, the two conjure women on the island, attend services regularly. In Willow Springs, conjure is just as common as medicine or the “typical” religions that people have become accustomed to over time. The use of herbs, tonics, spells, and other methods to heal or in some cases, harm others is widely known and feared throughout the island. George, the husband of Cocoa Day witnessed some of the unusual rituals surrounding religion on Willow Island on his visit. After “Little Caesar” dies he observes the unusual funeral described thusly,The church, the presence of the minister, were concessions, and obviously the only ones they were going to make to a Christian ritual that should have called for a sermon, music, tears – the belief in an earthly finality for a child’s life.(Naylor, 269) According to many sources, including Lindsey Tucker, “For African groups, the afterlife was a reality; death was a journey to the spirit world, which, nonetheless, did not constitute a break with life on earth” (Tucker, 180). The service held for Little Caesar is obviously not one to put closure on an earthly life but is geared toward preparing to meet him in the next life. This idea is much more similar to African rituals than to any rituals practiced in America today. Another reference to this close blend of Christianity and conjure is:Miranda stops at the foot of the porch. “Somebody sure don’t want me and my cakes in their house if they sweeping straight toward me.” “Not you I don’t want, it’s this here dust.” Abigail laughs. “And I ain’t sweeping salt, am I.” (Naylor, 44) This passage makes several close references to the voodoo religion which is often practiced in Africa and the Caribbean islands where there is a strong African influence. “Salt is one of the most common ‘ingredients’ found in a voodoo priests spells.” And “In the various religions practicing some form of Voodoo, the porch of a persons home is considered the most sacred place in the house” (Encarta ‘98). Miranda, otherwise known as Mama Day or Little Mama, is not the only powerful conjure woman on Willow Island. Ruby is a powerful conjure woman who exercises her evil several times during the novel. Ruby tries to place a curse on Mama Day by placing a bundle of salt and graveyard dust under her house, as well as using “roots” to wed Junior Lee, and drive his wife to insanity. This is evidenced on page 134 when Naylor writes, “That them roots she’s working may have got Junior Lee to the altar.” This voodoo induced relationship between Ruby and Junior Lee becomes the talk of Willow Springs, and taking into account the literally hundreds of mentions of voodoo or other types of unorthodox religion lend further support to my thesis of conjure playing a major role in the lives of the inhabitants of Willow Springs. The most important night of the year on Willow Island falls on December 22, when the Candle Walk occurs. This date happens to coincide with the winter solstice, a day that has often been considered a time of magic and other types of conjure. As the people travel about the island with their candles, exchanging handmade gifts and the phrase, “Lead on with light.” The idea of creating things with one’s hands is very important. The gifts are only important if, “it came from the earth and the work of your own hands” (Naylor, 110) This tradition dates back to the death of Sapphira Wade, and is often misinterpreted and misunderstood as the generations pass. The phrase, “Lead on with light”, comes from the story of the island’s creation. The novel contains this description of the islands creation:The island got spit out from the mouth of God, and when it fell to the Earth it brought an army of stars. He tried to reach down and scoop them back up, and found Himself shaking hands with the greatest conjure woman on earth. “Leave’em here, Lord” she said, “I