The Photoelectric Effect Essay Research Paper The

The Photoelectric Effect Essay, Research Paper

The Photoelectric Effect

The purpose of this experiment is to determine h/e (Plank’s constant in units of electron volts), the work function F, and the threshold frequency for the photochathode surface provided .

Three filters each having a distinct wavelength, were used to carry out this experiment. Utilizing these filters, 435.8 nm, 546.0 nm, and 577.0 nm, data in voltage and current was collected, as potential was selected at random points for each wavelength. This data was then plotted (current vs. potential), and stopping potential was determined. Stopping potential for: 435.8 nm is 1.52 V, 546.0 nm is 1.17 V, and

577.0 nm is 0.8 V. This data was then used to calculate frequency for each wavelength utilizing the equation f = c/l. Frequency data was plotted against stopping potential as mentioned above to determine Plank’s constant, h/e = 3.62 * 10-15 eV*s, also work function, F = 1 V, and threshold frequency, fo = 2.7 * 1014 Hz. Under 12% error is found when compared to the theoretical value (h/e = 4.14 * 10-15 eV*s) for Plank’s constant. This can be a result from the graph, because the best fitting linear line is supposed to be provided in order to calculate Planck’s constant. This has to be very accurate, and the best line was chosen to minimize error.

If frequency of light is increased, the maximum KE of the electrons increases linearly, that is KEmax = hf – F. If the frequency, f, is less than the “cutoff” frequency, fo, where hfo = F, no electrons will be emitted.

Introduction

The photoelectric effect refers to the fact that when light shines in a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the surface . The photoelectric effect occurs in other materials also, but most evident with metals. It is said that electrons should be emitted when light shines on a metal surface is consistent with the electromagnetic wave theory of light, since the electric field of the electromagnetic wave could exert a force on electrons in the metal and thrust some of them out. Einstein pointed out, that the wave theory and the photon theory of light could give very different predictions on the detail of the effect. Examining the wave theory against Einstein’s particle theory. The two important properties of a light wave are its intensity and its frequency (or wavelengths). When these two quantities are varied, the wave theory makes theses following predictions. If light intensity is increased, the number of electrons ejected and their maximum KE should be increased because the higher the intensity means greater electric field amplitude and the greater the electric field should thrust electrons at a higher speed. Also, the frequency of the light should not effect the KE of the electrons. Only the intensity should affect the KE. Do these prediction stand correct for this type of effect. Is there another type of theory that will stand correct. This will be discussed in the report after the experiment.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine h/e (Plank’s constant in units of electron volts), the work function F, and the threshold frequency for the photochathode surface provided . A proper apparatus has been provided for this experiment and the observations are as follows in the report.

Theory

A metal plate along with a smaller electrode is placed inside an evacuated glass tube, called a photocell. The two electrodes are connected with an ammeter, voltmeter and a source of emf. When the photocell is in the dark, the ammeter reads zero. When light of sufficiently high frequency is shone on the plate, the ammeter shows current flowing in the circiut. Look at figure 1, to understand the completion of the circuit, to imagine the electrons flowing across the tube from the plate to the ‘collector’. From this apparatus the maximum kinetic energy (KEmax) can be measured from the emitted electrons. This can be done by a variable voltage source and reversing the terminals so that the collector electrode is negative and the plate electrode (metal) is positive. The negative electrode will repel the electrons emitted from the plate. If the reversed voltage is increased, there is a point where the ammeter reads zero, or no electrons have been emitted. This is called the “stopping potential” Vo, from the measurements KEmax can be determined from:

KEmax = eVo = hf – F

Where h is Plank’s constant, f is the frequency of light, e is the electronic charge, and F is the work function of the cathode surface. Since the electrons are held in the metal by attractive forces, a minimum energy, F, called the work function, is required to release the electron from the electrode surface. If the frequency f, of the incoming light is so low that hf F, then electrons will be emitted and energy will be conserved at the same time. That is, the input energy (of the photon), hf, should equal the KE of the electron plus the energy required to get it ejected from the metal electrode, F:

hf = KE + F (photoelectric equation)

Apparatus

This is called the Plank’s constant apparatus, and has been designed to determine the magnitude of a fundamental physical quantity, Plank’s constant. It consists of a phototube in which where the photoelectric emissions occurs, two rheostats for adjusting the voltage to a fine level. A card containing three distinct filters