Crime Essay Research Paper his research paper

Crime Essay, Research Paper

his research paper deals with the history, the development and the future of computer crime. It will show the reader what computer crimes are, how they operate, and how they influence the society. It will also attempt and predict what should or will happen in the future.

The computer whiz links up with a private computer system through a modem – a device used to ‘link up’ computers over telephone lines so that they can ‘talk’ to each other. A user name and password are promptly typed in and then instantly logs onto the host system. The computer whiz has managed to ‘hack’ into the private system. Unless he or she has a paid membership, this action is illegal and is considered a ‘computer crime’. A computer crime can be defined as “the destruction, theft, or unauthorized or illegal use, modification, or copying of information, programs, services, equipment (hardware), or communications networks.”[1] This research paper will deal with five types of computer crime – hacking, phreaking, carding, computer virus and computer piracy. All pertinent parts of the Act and Criminal Code of Canada will be outlined, including the punishment.

Hacking

Hacking is the “misuse of a computer to illegally access private computer networks.”[2] Hackers employ many crafty techniques in order to gain access to the host computer system or network. Once they have obtained the correct password or access code needed for entry, they can enter the host computer system with many commands available. Then they can perform activities such as ‘eavesdropping’, ‘diddling’, and ’super zapping’. Eavesdropping is the viewing of private or personal information stored on the computer system. For example, a hacker can view credit card numbers or even top secret government information. Diddling is intentionally changing information stored on a computer or network. For example, a hacker could change school grades, erase telephone bills, or embezzle funds. Superzapping involves illegally by-passing passwords and other security measures that limit access to computer files and then stealing the information. Furthermore, some people destroy data on the host systems. They infect the data with infectious programs called viruses and trojans. Virus can replicate, infect and destroy data at preset times.

Trojans are like a disguise for a destructive program which is sometimes inserted onto the host system and upon executing it, the trojan will destroy or disrupt the system data. Both viruses and trojans will be talked in details later.

All the crimes mentioned above are dealt with in the Criminal Code of Canada. In Section 322 (1)(a), under the heading Theft, a hacker can be charged for the theft of information. Furthermore, in Section 342.1, under the heading Unauthorized Use of Computer, the hacker can be charged for accessing and using the host system without authorization. This crime can be punishable on an indicted or summary conviction. Under Section 536 (2), the court decides whether or not the offense is serious. If the crime is serious, the person is guilty of an indictable offense. He or she is liable for a prison term up to ten years. The court may decide the person is guilty of a summary conviction. According to Section 787 (1), he or she is liable for a fine up to two thousand dollars or imprisonment for six months, or both. Finally, in Section 430 (1.1), under the heading Mischief, anyone destroys or alters data making it useless, meaningless or ineffective, can be convicted of an indictable or summary offense. According to Section 430 (5), he or she faces imprisonment up to ten years for an indictable offense, or a summary conviction with the same punishment as mentioned before.

Phreaking

Another computer crime is ‘phreaking’. Phreaking is the action of using mischievous and mostly illegal ways in order to not to pay for some sort of telecommunications bill, order, transfer, or other services. It often involves usage of highly illegal boxes and machines in order to defeat the security that is set up to avoid this sort of happening. Phreaking can also be accomplished by a computer with the correct type of software. There are many methods of phreaking and here we will talk about some of the most popular ones.

Boxing is the use of personally designed boxes that emit or cancel electronically impulses that allow simpler action while phreaking. Through the use of separate boxes, you can accomplish most feats possible with or without the control of an operator. Some boxes and their functions are listed below:

Black Box : Make it seem to the phone company that the phone was never picked up.

Blue Box : Emits a 2600hz tone that allows the phreaker to do such things as stack a trunk line, kick the operator off line, and others.

Red Box : Simulates the noise of a quarter, nickel, or dime being dropped

into a pay-phone.

Cheese Box : Turns a home phone into a pay phone to throw off traces.

(A red box is usually needed in order to call out.)

Beige Box : A simpler produced linesman’s handset that allows the phreaker to tap into phone lines and extract by eavesdropping, or crossing wires, etc.

Purple Box : Makes all calls made out from the house seem to be local calls.

Dialups are any local or 800 extended outlet that allows instant access to any

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