History Outline Essay Research Paper Mrs S

History Outline Essay, Research Paper

Mrs. S Chris Johnson

History 10-H November 14, 1999

History Outline

A world of Progress and Reason

¨ Enlightenment grew out of the scientific revolution of the 1500.s and 1600.s

¨ Joseph Preistly and Antoine Lavoisier built framework for modern chemistry

¨ Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox

¨ Natural Laws . Laws that govern human nature

Two views of the social contract

¨ Thomas Hobbes and John Locke made ideas key to the Enlightenment

¨ Thomas Hobbes put ideas into his book, Leviathan

¨ He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish

¨ Thought life in a .state of nature. would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

¨ Hobbes supported the Stuart kings in struggle against parliament

¨ John Locke optimistic view of nature

¨ Thought people were basically reasonable and moral

¨ Believed that all people had Natural Rights . rights that belonged to all humans from birth

¨ Theses rights included: right to life, liberty, and property

¨ Wrote Two Treatises of Government

¨ It said that people formed governments to protect their natural rights

¨ He rejected absolute monarchy

¨ Also believed that people had the right to overthrow the government

Montesquieu.s spirit of the laws

¨ 1700.s France saw a flowering of enlightenment

¨ early and influential thinker was Baron de Montesquieu

¨ he studied the governments of Europe

¨ often gave sharp criticism of absolute monarchy

¨ wrote, The Spirit of the Laws

¨ discussed governments throughout history and complimented England.s monarchy

¨ his ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances in government were written into the constitution of the United States

The world of the Philosophes

¨ Philosophes. which means . lovers of wisdom.

¨ Most famous Philosophes was Francois-Marie Arouet who later took the name of Voltaire

¨ His outspoken attacks offended the government and the catholic church

¨ He was imprisoned and exiled

¨ Encyclopedia written by Denis Diderot

¨ Took 25 years to write the 28 volumes

¨ The purpose was to change the general way of thinking

¨ Included articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire

¨ Denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and argued education for all

¨ French government thought the book was an attack on public morals

¨ 20,000 copies were printed

Rousseau: A controversial figure

¨ Most controversial Philosophe was Jean-Jacques Rousseau

¨ Believed people in .natural state. were basically good

¨ Thought natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society

¨ Set forth his ideas on government and society in The Social Contract

¨ Thought the individual should be subordinate to the community

¨ Hatred of political and economic oppression woven through out his works

¨ Helped fan the flames of revolt in centuries to come

Limited Natural Rights for Women

¨ Women did have natural rights

¨ These rights were limited to the home and family

¨ Notion that women were by nature inferior to men

¨ Germaine deStael in France and Catherine Macauly and Mary Wollstonecraft in England argued that women had been excluded from the social contract itself

¨ Wollenstonecraft best known British female critic

¨ Accepted that a woman.s first duty was to be a good mother

¨ Felt that a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest and should not be completely dependent on her husband

¨ She published, Vindication of the Rights of Woman

¨ Called for same education for girls and boys

¨ Argued only education can give women the tools to participate equally with men in public life

New Economic thinking

¨ Physiocrats . looked for Natural Laws to define a rational economic system

¨ Laissez faire . allowed businesses to operate with little or no government interference

¨ Claimed that real wealth came from making the land more productive

¨ Extractive industries such as agriculture, mining, and logging produced new wealth

¨ Physiocrats supported free trade and wanted to lift all tariffs

¨ Adam Smith a British economist admired the physiocrats

¨ He argued that Free market . natural forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business

¨ A strong supporter of Laissez faire

¨ Believed that the marketplace was better off with out any government regulation

¨ However he did believe that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works

¨ His ideas gained increasing influenced as the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe