Buffalo Soilders Essay Research Paper 17751900 The

Buffalo Soilders Essay, Research Paper

1775-1900: The History of the Buffalo Soldier

Throughout American history, Afro-Americans have had to decide whether they belonged in the United States or if they should go elsewhere. Slavery, no doubt, had a great impact upon their decisions. However, despite their troubles African Americans have made a grand contribution and a great impact on our armed forces since the Revolutionary War. The Afro-American has fought against its country’s wars, and they have also fought the war within their country to gain the right to fight and freedom.

America’s first war, its war for independence from Great Britain was a great accomplishment. This achievement could not have been performed if not for the black soldiers in the armies. “The first American to shed blood in the revolution that freed America from British rule was Crispus Attucks, a Black seaman.” (Cox 5) Attucks along with four white men were killed in the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770. Even though Attucks was a fugitive slave running from his master, he was still willing to fight against England along with other whites and give the ultimate sacrifice, his life, for freedom. This wasn’t the only incident of Blacks giving it all during the War for Independence.

From the first battles of Concord and Lexington in 1775, Black soldiers “took up arms against the mother country.” (Cox7) Of the many Black men who fought in those battles, the most famous are Peter Salem, Cato Stedman, Cuff Whittemore, Cato Wood, Prince Estabrook, Caesar Ferritt, Samuel Craft, Lemuel Haynes, and Pomp Blackman. One of the most distinguished heroes o the Battle of Bunker Hill was Peter Salem who, according to some

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sources, fired the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn of the Royal Marines. But Peter Salem wasn’t the only Black hero during the Revolutionary War

Another Black man, Salem Poor, also made a hero of himself at Bunker Hill. Because of his bravery at the battle, he was commended by several officers to the Continental Congress. “Equally gallant at Bunker Hill were Pomp Fisk, Grant Coope, Charleston Eads, Seymour Burr, Titus Coburn, Cuff Hayes, and Caesar Dickenson.” (Coller Ency.) Of these men, Caesar Brown and Cuff Hayes were killed during the battle. Even though the Afro-American soldiers clearly distinguished themselves as soldiers, they were by no means wanted in the army. “Shortly after General Washington took command of the Army, the white colonists decided that not only should no Black slaves or freemen be enlisted, but that those already serving in the Army should be dismissed.” (Cox 12)

The colonists would probably have kept Blacks out of the military during the war if not for the proclamation by the Lord of Dunmore. He stated “I do hereby… declare all… Negroes… free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining his Majesty’s troops, as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this colony to a proper dignity.” This meant that any black soldiers willing to fight for the British would be declared legally free. Therefore, the Americans couldn’t afford to deny Black Americans, free or not, from joining the army. Less than a month following Lord Dunmore’s proclamation, General George Washington officially reversed his policy about letting “free Negroes to enlist.” (Cox 37)

“Of the 300,000 soldiers who served in the Continental Army during the War of Independence, approximately five thousand were Black. Some volunteered. Others were drafted. In addition to several all-Black companies, an all-Black regiment was recruited from

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Rhode Island. This regiment distinguished itself in the Battle of Rhode Island on August 29, 1778.” (Http.//www.buffalosolders.net/)

Between 1775 to 1781 there weren’t any battles without Black participants. Black soldiers fought for the colonies at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, White Plains, Benington, Brandywine, Saratoga, Savannah, and Yorktown. There were two Blacks, Prince Whipple and Oliver Cromwell, with Washington when he crossed the Delaware River on Christmas Day in 1776. “Some won recognition and a place in the history of the War of Independence by their outstanding service, although most have remained anonymous.” (Cox 135) Unfortunately despite Afro-Americans’ contributions to the war effort and the large amount of dead Blacks, few had gained their freedom. The War for Independence was just the first of a list of wars Afro-Americans would have a chance to participate in.

The second American war fought with Afro-American help was the War of 1812. As Martin Delany put it, the Afro-American were “as ready and as willing to volunteer in your service as any other… and Blacks were not compelled to go; they were not draughted. They were volunteers.” (World Book 322) Black Americans fought the British on land and sea, and they “were particularly conspicuous in the various naval battles fought on the Great Lakes under the command of Oliver H. Perry.” (Cox 110) At least one-tenth of the crews of the fleet on the lake region were African American. Captain Perry, like Washington, objected to the appointment of Blacks to his naval ships. But after the Battle of Lake Erie, Captain Perry was “unstinting” in Afro-American praise as men who “seemed insensible to danger.” (www.geocites/buf/nett.com)

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After the Battle of