CIRCULATORY SYSTEMA Essay Research Paper

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM(A) Essay, Research Paper

FORMATION OF TISSUE FLUID AND EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS IN THE CAPILLARY NETWORK

In a capillary network, two opposing forces mainly determine the movement of fluid between the blood and tissue fluid: (1) the hydrostatic pressure difference and (2) the osmotic potential difference between the blood and the tissue fluid. In the part of the capillary network near the arterial end, blood pressure is much higher than that of the tissue fluid so that the difference in hydrostatic pressure exceeds the osmotic difference between the two fluids. As a result, some plasma is filtered out of the capillaries under pressure into the tissue space to form tissue fluid. As blood moves along the narrow capillaries, the blood pressure drops continuously so that the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the blood and tissue fluid decreases steadily or may even be reversed. At the venous end of the capillary network, most the tissue fluid formed at the arterial end is reabsorbed back into the capillaries by osmosis This mechanism results in a continuous formation of tissue fluid from the plasma by filtration and the return of tissue fluid back to the blood by osmosis. This circulation of tissue fluid is essential for the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume. For instance, when there is a drop in blood pressure such as due to hemorrhage, less tissue fluid would be formed at the arterial end and more tissue fluid will be absorbed back into the blood at the venous end of the capillary network. The net flow of tissue fluid into the capillary network results in a rise in blood volume and blood pressure to normal .The opposite occurs when the blood pressure or blood volume increases.When the osmotic potential of the blood is raised, e.g. due to a low plasma protein level, the osmotic difference between the blood and tissue fluid decreases. This results in a net formation of tissue fluid from the plasma as the volume of tissue fluid formed exceeds that returned to the plasma As the tissue fluid volume (about 10 litters) is three to four times larger than the volume of plasma (About 3 liters), the tissue fluid serves as a reservoir which can supply additional fluid to the Circulatory system or draw off excess. This mechanism of tissue fluid formation and withdrawal is Important in maintaining a constant plasma volume.This process, however, plays a relatively minor role in the exchange of nutrients and metabolic Wastes between the blood and the tissue. Although some nutrients and wastes are carried by mass Flow during this fluid movement, most nutrients and metabolic wastes are transported between blood and tissue cells by diffusion according to the concentration gradient of these substances. Thus Glucose diffuses from the blood to the tissue cells across the capillary wall along the whole length of the capillary network not just restricted to the arterial end. Similarly, waste substances produced by The body cells diffuse into the blood along the capillaries in the opposite direction this Process of diffusion is facilitated by the very thin capillary wall and the numerous branches of the Capillary network which present a very large surface area for diffusion to occur. The low rate of Blood flow along the capillaries also allows enough time for diffusion to take place. Many local textbooks elaborate on the formation of tissue fluid but give little description on the Diffusion of substances between the blood and the tissue. Thus many students develop the mistaken Belief that the formation and absorption of tissue fluid in the capillary network is essential for the Transport of materials between blood and body cells, and fail to appreciate the importance of diffusion in the exchange of materials in the capillary network.(B) ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF THE CAPILLARY NETWORKIt is a well known fact that blood flows very slowly along the capillaries and this low flow rate Facilitates the exchange of materials by diffusion between the blood and tissue fluid. In accounting for The low blood flow rate in the capillaries, many students wrongly think that it is due to the narrow Diameter of the capillaries, which presents a high resistance to blood, flow. In a closed circulation, it must be realized that the volumes of blood flowing through any cross section Of the circulatory system per unit time (V) is constant, and the flow rate of the blood at different Points of the system varies according the following relationship:V = A X RWhere A is the total cross sectional area at any point and R is the flow rate of blood at this point. As V is constant at all points of the circulatory system; it follows that the flow rate . is inversely Proportional to A. The very low rate of blood flow in a capillary network is therefore a result of the Large total cross-sectional area rather than due to the narrow diameter of the capillaries. The very Narrow diameter of the capillaries results in a high resistance to blood flow, and this leads a Significant drop in the blood pressure along the capillaries. However, this rapid drop of blood Pressure in the capillaries does not affect the blood flow rate in this region, which is inversely Proportional to the total cross-sectional.The blood velocity is very high in the aorta, becomes progressively lower in theArteries and arterioles, and then drops rapidly to a low level as it pass through the capillaries,Which have a total cross-sectional ar