Untitled Essay Research Paper By Mike DielmanIntroductionDuring

Untitled Essay, Research Paper

By: Mike Dielman

Introduction

During a morning of blazing heat of the first July 1571 shouting of joy

everywhere in Barcelona could be heard. 47 galleys were about to weigh the

anchor in the port. The leading ship was the “Reale” and the supreme-commander

Juan d `Austria went on board. It was not his intention to inspect the fleet

but to make himself familiar with the ship. The “Reale” build in the shipyards

of Barcelona was kept in the colors of Don Juan: Red and Gold. The ship was

heavily decorated with splendid ornamentation which made it an impressive

flagship. At the quays people were congratulating the young prince of 23

years on leading one of the most important naval enterprises in European

history.

A beautiful day- but it ended with a humiliation for the hero. At the time

Don Juan returned to his domicile in the evening he found a letter of Philipp

II who was his royal half-brother. He prohibited him to carry the title of

sublimity because this status only should belong to one excellency. This

was also a rude reminder of his illegitimate origin. ( Jean Descola, Meilensteine

der Geschichte, 1990, Verlag Hersching)

2.The Supreme Commander

DON JUAN DE AUSTRIA, ENGLISH LORD JOHN OF AUSTRIA,

illegitimate son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and half brother of

King Philip II of Spain . Removed from his mother, a bourgeois daughter,

at an early age, he was brought up in concealment in Spain. After the death

of Charles V, Philip II of Spain recognized him as his half brother, provided

him with a substantial household, and gave him the name Don Juan de

Austria (1559). Though it was hoped that he would enter the church, the handsome

and spirited Don Juan expressed a desire to embark on a military career,

and Philip acceded to his

wishes. In the summer of 1568 Don Juan had his first brief experience in

warfare, fighting Moorish pirates in the Mediterranean, and he was then appointed

in March 1569 commander in chief of Spanish forces attempting to subdue the

rebellious Moors, or Christians of Moorish ancestry, in Granada. Philip then

appointed him in 1571 to head the naval forces of the Holy League of Spain,

Venice, and the pope against the Ottoman Turks in the eastern

Mediterranean.(Britannica Online ,1999, www.eb.co.uk:180)

Even though he left his mark in history as the winner of Lepanto, he surely

was not the only actor on the scene. Many others have played its part before,

during and after the battle, whose prologue began in Venice.

3.Venice

The only city which still could make independent politics remained Venice

which governed itself with changing luck since the 9th century. The story

of Venice could be compared to a trader epic. The streets of Venice were

shimmering of silk and scents of spices waving through the markets. The venetian

traders were the inventors of a solid trading ship and dominated the im-

and export business. Over centuries as a main supplier for products from

the east and ruler of a sea-empire it was partially only possible by force

of arms. The Venetian maritime territory reached over Istria the coast of

Dalmatia, the Ionic isles and Crete. In the 15th century Venice decided not

only to expand on sea but also on land.

The Venetian victory over Genoa took place under the threat of Turkish advance

in the East. The Venetian had to negotiate a state of neutrality with the

Turks and find another economic base to compensate for the smaller yield

now to be expected from trade with the East. So they turned to the Italian

mainland, first to rid themselves of neighboring lordships and then to defend

and exploit the rich lands they had acquired. Later Venice received from

the Turkish sultan in Istanbul the trade monopoly in the osmanic empire and

annexed 1489 the isle of Cyprus which has been a center of Christian, Latin

culture and major trading place since the conqueration of the crusaders.

Since this year Venice ruled over the whole east Mediterranean Sea through

and sent ambassadors to all European courts which its political fame increased.

( Jean Descola, Meilensteine der Geschichte, 1990, Verlag Hersching)

It can be said that Venetian policy in the 16th century was dictated by the

need to keep intact its political, economic, and territorial heritage against

the advance of the Turks on the one side and the pressure of the great western

European powers on the other. This need supplied the reason for Venice’s

intervention in the Italian crisis of the emperor Charles V; for its struggle

against the Turks, from the defeat of Préveza in 1538 to the victory

of Lepanto and the loss of Cyprus in 1571; and for its tenacious resistance

to pressure from the pope.

(Britannica Online ,1999, www.eb.co.uk:180)

4.Philipp II

In the year of the ba

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