Legislation Concerning The Women

’s Movement Essay, Research Paper

Legislation Concerning the Women’s Movement in the United States

In the 1900s, state and federal laws that discriminated against women posed some of the most significant obstacles in gaining women s rights. The earliest campaigns to improve women s legal status in the United States focused on gaining property rights for women. Women also led legislative efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to ensure their voting and employment rights.

Property Rights

Beginning in the 1830s, states passed laws that gradually gave married women greater control over property. New York state passed the Married Women s Property Act in 1848, allowing women to acquire and retain assets independently of their husbands. This was the first law that clearly established the idea that a married woman had an independent legal identity. The New York law inspired nearly all other states to eventually pass similar legislation.

The Right to Vote

American women did not gain the right to vote until 1920, after amendments were made to the Constitution. The passage of the 14th Amendment in 1866 and the 15th Amendment in 1870 helped to focus the women s rights movement on suffrage. The 14th Amendment provided that all citizens were guaranteed equal protection under the law and that no citizen could be denied due process of law. The 15th Amendment stated that citizens could not be denied the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous status as a slave. Activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony argued that the 15th Amendment be expanded to guarantee suffrage to women. With the formation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, the women s rights movement zeroed in almost exclusively on attaining the right to vote. In 1920 the 19th Amendment granted women this right. (In theory, the 19th Amendment should’ve extended voting rights to all women.)

Protective Labor Legislation

Increasing numbers of women began to enter the industrial labor force in the 19th century. As a result, some social reformers grew concerned about the impact of long hours and poor working conditions on women. The National Consumers League, founded in 1899, and the Women s Trade Union League, founded in 1903, began efforts to limit women s work hours and the types of work they could do. By 1908 the states had passed 19 laws limiting work hours or completely ending the option of night work for women. Even greater numbers of women entered the workforce during World War I (1914-1918), prompting the establishment of the Women s Bureau of the Department of Labor in 1920, which began the passage of legislation to protect working women.

Protective legislation has been challenged repeatedly in the courts. In Ritchie v. People (1895), the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that limiting women s work day to eight hours infringed upon a woman s right to contract for her labor, and therefore violated her 14th Amendment right to equal protection under the law. In Lochner v. New York (1905) the Supreme Court deemed all protective labor legislation to be unconstitutional. The Lochner decision was revised three years later in Muller v. Oregon (1908). In that case, American jurist Louis D. Brandeis argued that the woman s role as a mother required that she be given special protection in the workplace. American courts repeatedly struck down statutes establishing minimum wages for women. In Adkins v. Children s Hospital (1923), the Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract. But the passage of the National Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) established a national minimum wage for both men and women. In 1969 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) declared protective legislation for women invalid.

Equal Rights Amendment

After the passage of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote, members of the women s movement focused on gaining other rights for women. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns directed their efforts toward prohibiting all other inequities between men and women. Paul and Burns had founded the National Women s Party in 1916 which worked for women s suffrage. However, they believed that winning the right to vote marked only the beginning of the women s struggle for equality. In the early 1920s the National Women s Party aimed to pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution that would make illegal all forms of discrimination based on sex.

Under the influence of the National Women s Party, the U.S. Congress introduced the ERA in 1923, but the issue failed to gain significant support. Some people who had previously supported women s right to vote opposed the ERA. They included moderate social reformers and administrators in the Women s Bureau of the Department of Labor. These people opposed the ERA because they believed that strict enforcement of equal rights would mean the elimination of protective legislation for women. They thought that the ERA would be bad for the working-class woman.

In the 1960s the so-called “second wave” of the women s rights movement stirred up the ERA debate. President John F. Kennedy set up the first national Commission on the Status of Women in 1962. In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient sup