How Can We Explain The Persistance Of

Class Structures In Britain Essay, Research Paper

HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN THE PERSISTANCE OF CLASS INEQUALITIES IN BRITAIN?

Traditionally Britain has always been recognized as a ?class society?, characterised by widespread awareness of social class membership, class inequality and the influence of class inequalities in employment prospects. However it has been argued that with ?growing affluence, levels of education, social mobility and post – industrial economic development, class identities are losing their salience.? (4) Saying this there is still substantial amounts of evidence to suggest that class inequalities are still very much inherent in British society especially with regards to social mobility.

One of the first factors in explaining class inequalities in Britain would have to be the differences in wealth and income. Carl Marx?s theory on income and wealth in western societies can be used to help explain this.

Marx believed that maturing of capitalism would bring about an increasing gap between the wealth of the minority and the poverty of the mass of the population. According the Marx the wages of the working class would never rise far above survival level, while wealth would pile up in the hands of those owning capital. Marx also believed that those in the low levels of society would suffer, ?accumulation of misery, agony o labour, slavery, ignorance, brutality, moral degradation?.? (Marx 1970. p 645).

From this quote we can see that to a certain extent Marx was right, especially about the persistence of class inequalities in industrialized societies such as the UK and in anticipating that great inequalities of wealth and income would continue. He was wrong however to assume that the income of most of the population would remain low. Most people in Britain today are much better off materially than comparable groups in Marx?s day. To examine how far, and why, this is the case we have to look at changes in the distribution of wealth and income of the past century in the UK.

The table below shows the distribution of wealth in the United Kingdom.

Marketable Wealth 19761981198619911993

% of wealth owned by:

Most Wealthy 1%2118181717

Most Wealthy 5%3836363536

Most Wealthy 10%5050504748

Most Wealthy 25%7173737172

Most Wealthy 50%9292909292

Total Marketable

Wealth:2805659551,7111,809

( Inland Rev, soc trends 1996) (1)

From these figures we can see that wealth is concentrated in the hands of the very few. In Britain the top1% own 17% of all personal wealth. The most wealthy 10 percent of the population own half the total wealth. These figures indicate to what extent the gap between the rich and the poor is, and the distribution of wealth among the population.

The changes in the structure of work and employment are also very important in explaining class inequalities. Britain, America and other parts of Western Europe have now for a long time witnessed the decline of manufacturing industries and primary sector employment. The reasons for this decline are highly complex, although major contributing factors have been technological innovation and shifts in the global division of labour. The collapse of heavy industry in the west and the rise of industry in the east followed on from the 1970?s oil crises to plunge the Western world into recession, thereby stimulating a massive economic restructuring of society. As the economy picked up once again, employment was created in the service sectors of the economy, in the tertiary and quaternary sectors, resulting in a dramatic decline in the numbers of what had long been considered to be traditional ?working class?, and replacement by the white collar workers of the ?middle classes. Due to these changes in occupational structure it has been argued that ?work? as employment has become considerably less important in the structuring of social attitudes.

Due to technological change and the expansion of state provisions, people are spending less time in paid employment and are therefore less dependent on the sale of their labour in order to obtain the services they need. Work as employment is therefore a declining importance as a source of social identity in the second half of the twentieth century.

As work declines in importance in the twentieth century, so too do other factors become relevant for the analysis of stratification systems. The most notable of these is consumption. People?s identities are increasingly expressed through consumption rather than production, and as a consequence it is argued, that outdated nineteenth century class theories, obsessed with productivism, should be finally abandoned. It is important to note here that the arguments do not suggest that the capitalist system is not highly unequal.

Some of the more recent debate concerning the concept of class has involved two main authors, Goldthorpe and Marshall.

Goldthorpe and Marshall , in ?The Promising Future Of Class Analysis: A response To Recent Critiques (1992)?, show the importance of social mobility in explaing class inequalities. Goldthorpe and Marshall argue that different social classes exhibit different ?mobility characteristics?, or differing propensities to upward social mobility. In terms of ?inflow? the crucial factor lies in the homogeneity of the class o

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