Did Napoleon Betray The Revolution Essay Research

Did Napoleon Betray The Revolution Essay, Research Paper

In order to investigate the claim that Napoleon betrayed the revolution , it has to be determined what is the French revolution? And what are the revolutionary ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed? If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated or betrayed the revolution is to explore his actions such as his military success, Dictatorship and social reforms. The difficulty of this analysis is that Napoleons motives for his actions determine whether he consolidated or betrayed the Revolution.

If Napoleon betrayed the revolution, then he betrayed the ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity. For it is ideals rather than realities that Napoleon allegedly betrayed. The reality of the French revolution is 8 periods of constant change and successions of policies and leaders, with each new leader and party brining amendments to the revolution. Napoleon s coupd e`tat of 18 brumaire was an insurance against both Jacobin revolution and Royalist restoration. The French people expected Napoleon to bring back peace, order and to consolidate the political and social conquests of the Revolution. Napoleon considered these conquests to be the sacred rights of property, equality and liberty. If Napoleon gained power with the promise of upholding the principals of the French Revolution how did he betray the revolution? Many historians argue that Napoleon was an effective but ambitious leader. This ambition led to a dictatorship, which they consider Napoleons ultimate betrayal. However other Historians such as Tombs and Furet see Napoleon s regime as the most convincing though temporary solution to the political and ideological problems bequeathed by the Revolution. Napoleons dictatorship can also be considered a natural progression from the authoritarian nature of the French revolution. One idea is that is undebatable is – if Napoleon betrayed the French Revolution, this means that his actions, motives and policies were disloyal to the Revolutionary ideals of Liberty, equality and Fraternity.

Napoleon was an outstanding military commander and enjoyed many successful campaigns. Napoleon maintained the Revolutionary system of conscription and encouraged promotion based on ability. However his motivation for military success was the consolidation of his authority My power is dependant on my glory and my glory on my victories Conquest made me what I am; conquest alone can keep me there. Napoleons Military campaigns can be interpreted as either a consolidation or a betrayal of the revolution. Napoleon continued in the Revolutionary tradition of liberating and introducing revolutionary ideals to the territories he claimed for France. In the areas he conquered Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts. However these reforms always failed as Napoleon was always attempting the politically impossible. This did not stop Napoleon from continuing his conquests. Napoleons battles were fought in order to consolidate his dictatorship. His Military success initially consolidated the revolution, but once he turned France into a military dictatorship he betrayed the revolution.

Although Napoleon s military conquests started off based on the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleons relentless quest for personal glory lead to a dictatorship. In Napoleons hands the state had become the instrument of dictatorship. The Ultimate betrayal was the institution of a hereditary monarchy. This hereditary monarchy began in Napoleons action of crowing himself Emperor and Culminated in his marriage to an Austrian Hapsburg princess the moment his power became hereditary it cut itself off from its source: he embarked upon a course different from that of the Revolution. Napoleon claimed that his motives for marrying an Austrian were to consolidate the Revolution, by allying France with a dangerous neighbour, and defended his actions of crowning himself Emperor and marrying a Hapsburg by declaring democracy establishes sovereignty; aristocracy alone preserves it. It can be argued that Napoleons personal ambition and military conquest was a betrayal of the revolution because it was done to bring personal glory to his dictatorship. However parts of his dictatorship such as his social reforms were consolidating the revolution. All that Napoleon did solely to satisfy his own thirst for glory and power was swept away in his fall. The conquests disappeared and the Bonaparte s dynasty was outlawed. What endured was the social and administrative structure he put in place to preserve the revolution

Napoleon reorganised the religious, social and economic structures of France. This restructuring entailed Napoleon amending some revolutionary reforms. Historians who believe that Napoleon betrayed the ideals of the revolution believe that Napoleons restoration of the Clergy is evidence of his betrayal. However Napoleon restored the clergy in order to appease the people and settle relations with Rome. Napoleon instated this reform in 1801 where he reinstated the Clergy and relations with Rome, while making sure that the people who had