War Without Mercy Review Essay Research Paper

War Without Mercy Review Essay, Research Paper

A Review on John W. Dower s War Without Mercy

The powerful images of race during the Pacific War between two powerful foes, the United States and Japan, dominates the war propaganda of both nations during and after World War II that generated deep hatred, espousing stereotypes which still resonate today. John Dower asserts the significance of playing the race card and the level of success and failure attained by the U.S. and Japan in his work, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. Following the heels of strong ideological beliefs of Manifest Destiny, Social Darwinism, and White Man s Burden, Americans were prone to dehumanize the other race and thus, U.S. newspapers and magazines had already depicted the Japanese in derogative terms even before their attack on Pearl Harbor and this subsequently, led to harsher stereotypes of the Japanese during the war. In Japan s case, the use of race propaganda to stir up support and confidence in the war effort took the approach of elevating and purifying their own Yamato race. Dower interestingly explains how the Japanese were malleable on their racial connotations of the Americans that they succeeded in quickly transforming their aggressive war mentality to that of a stable economy under a U.S. occupied but peaceful existence. However, as the Japan s economy booms in large parts to their success in technological achievements and trade surplus against the U.S., American racism towards the Japanese resurfaces in the late 1970s and 1980s.

War Without Mercy is divided into four sections with the first part focusing on the early patterns of a race war, and shifts to the war in both Western and Japanese perspectives in the second and third parts of the book. The epilogue and final section, covers the aftermath of the war and how Japan adjusted to a peacetime economy and the financial wars with the U.S. that exploded in the 1980s.

Dower describes in-depth about the various multimedia displays of racial dehumanization towards the Japanese in the second part of his book. He thoroughly explains the racial patterns deeply rooted in the American culture. He provides an abundance of examples stated by U.S. military leaders, Hollywood films and American newspapers that strongly portray the Japanese as an inferior race to the Anglo-American, Christian stock. Not only did apparent racism exist in the U.S. through the summary incarceration of over 110,000 Japanese-Americans at the wake of Pearl Harbor, but also throughout the war, U.S. military officers and soldiers carry this racism into battle. For example, a U.S. submarine commander who sank a Japanese transport and then spent upwards of an hour killing the hundred and possibly thousands of Japanese survivors with his deck guns, was commended and publicly honored by his superiors even though he included an account of the slaughter in his official report (Dower, War Without Mercy, 66). U.S. military leaders maintained racial fears of early Japanese victories against Western powers that would cause repercussions of the non-White world to unite under Japan in a race war between the Orientals and the Occidentals (7). The myth of a Pan-Asian united front against the white world led to a perpetual fear that created this racial dehumanization of the Japanese.

One interesting distinction is the comparison between the Axis powers, the Germans and the Japanese. A good German exists despite being a Nazi but whereas a good Japanese does not. In early 1943, one magazine, Leatherneck, the U.S. Marine monthly, printed a caption that stated, GOOD JAPS are dead Japs (79). The racial comparison between the Germans and the Japanese goes beyond after the war as well. Whereas the Germans were depicted as a mature group of people with an adult level of intelligence, the Japanese were seen as childish whose mental capacity are equivalent to twelve-year old, juvenile delinquents, and criminals. The most vivid stereotypes include cartoons that portrayed the Japanese as apish with long arms, hunched back, and characteristics that were either menacing are sneaky. For Dower, the most critical aspect of the U.S. racial stereotypes on the Japanese remains to be the level of approval and recognition by not just the public but endorsed by top military and executive leaders that include the likes of General Douglas McArthur and President Roosevelt.

The United States was not acting alone in this race war. In section three, Dower indicates that Japanese propaganda and war atrocities demonstrated their part in fueling racial hatred against the U.S. during World War II. However, rather than dehumanizing Americans into ape-like creatures, the Japanese focused on the superiority of their own pure race and the demonic figures of Western leaders like Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt. who had claws and horns. Another difference however, for centuries Japanese viewed the foreigners as outsiders with a dual image of both positive and negative. In other words, Westerners cast with demonic features also had beneficial attributes only if the foreigners carried out these positive traits. Another difference is that Japanese cartoonists would add the prevalent problems of the American cultural system, such as the selfishness of capitalism, money worship, individualism, materialism and Jim Crowism against blacks in the South as pure Anglo-Am