Make Prostitution Legal Essay Research Paper Prostitution

Make Prostitution Legal Essay, Research Paper

Prostitution Theory 101

by Yvonne Abraham with Sarah McNaught

Few things have divided feminists as much as the sex industry. Theorists

who agree on a vast swath of issues — economic equality, affirmative

action, even sexual liberation — often find themselves bitterly opposed over

pornography and prostitution.

Most 19th-century feminists opposed prostitution and considered prostitutes

to be victims of male exploitation. But just as the suffragette and

temperance movements were bound together at the turn of the century, so

too were feminist and contemporary moral objections to prostitution.

Women, the argument went, were repositories of moral virtue, and

prostitution tainted their purity: the sale of sex was, like alcohol, both cause

and symptom of the decadence into which society had sunk.

By the 1960s and ’70s, when Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer asserted

that sexual liberation was integral to women’s liberation, feminists were

reluctant to oppose prostitution on moral grounds. Traditional morality, Greer

argued, had helped to repress women sexually, had made their needs

secondary to men’s. That sexual subordination compounded women’s

economic and political subordination.

Today, some feminists see hooking as a form of sexual slavery; others, as a

route to sexual self-determination. And in between are those who see

prostitution as a form of work that, like it or not, is here to stay.

Radical feminists such as lawyer Catharine MacKinnon and

antipornography theorist Andrea Dworkin oppose sex work in any form.

They argue that it exploits women and reinforces their status as sexual

objects, undoing many of the gains women have made over the past century.

Others detect in this attitude a strain of neo-Victorianism, a condescending

belief that prostitutes don’t know what they’re doing and need somebody

with more education to protect them. Some women, these dissenters point

out, actually choose the profession.

Feminists who question the antiprostitution radicals also point out that

Dworkin and MacKinnon sometimes sound eerily like their nemeses on the

religious right. Phyllis Schlafly, a rabid family-values crusader, has even

cited Dworkin in her antipornography promotional materials. This kind of

thing has not improved the radicals’ image among feminists.

At the other extreme from Dworkin and MacKinnon are sex-radical

feminists like Susie Bright and Pat Califia. They argue that sex work can be

a good thing: a bold form of liberation for women, a way for some to take

control of their lives. The problem there, though, is that the life of a

prostitute is often more Leaving Las Vegas than Pretty Woman (see “Pop

Tarts”).

Many feminists fall somewhere in between the rad-fem and sex-radical

poles. Wendy Chapkis, professor of sociology and women’s studies at the

University of Southern Maine and the author of the Live Sex Acts: Women

Performing Erotic Labor (Routledge, 1997), is one of them. For nine years,

Chapkis studied prostitution in California and the Netherlands, as well as in

Britain and Finland, and conducted interviews with 50 sex workers. Chapkis

says she sees the profession as it is: many of her interviews confirmed much

of the ugliness that radical feminists abhor, as well as the empowerment that

sex radicals perceive.

“I don’t think prostitution is the ultimate in women’s liberation,” she says.

“But I think it’s better understood as work than as inevitably a form of

sexual violence.” What prostitutes need, she argues, is not a bunch of

goody-goodies looking down on them, but decent working conditions.

Chapkis believes prostitution should be decriminalized. Just because it can

be lousy work doesn’t mean it should be stamped out, she argues. After all,

she says, “there are lots of jobs in which women are underpaid,

underappreciated, and exploited.” Criminalizing the profession just

exacerbates prostitutes’ problems by isolating them from the law and leaving

them vulnerable to abusive pimps and johns. “In a profession where women

traditionally are not treated well, aren’t empowered, and should be able to go

to the police for protection and assistance,” she says, “we make the police

an extra obstacle, another threat.”

In the Netherlands, by contrast, where prostitution is decriminalized, police

and prostitutes are on the same side: hookers speak at police academies to

educate the officers about their work, and Chapkis says the communication

pays off in safer working conditions for the women.

But what of the radical feminists’ claim that prostitution is too patriarchal to

be tolerated? Chapkis points out that many things in modern life began as

patriarchal institutions — marriage, for example. Problems within marriage,

she says, can be addressed without reso

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