Plato Vs Descartes Essay Research Paper Compare

Plato Vs. Descartes Essay, Research Paper

Compare the arguments for the distinctness of body and soul [or psyche ] in Plato s Phaedo with Descartes arguments for the distinctness of body and mind [in the Meditations and elsewhere]

After reading Plato s Phaedo, we can see that there are many differences between the body and soul. Plato outlines these in some of the arguments given by Socrates. The first time the differences are brought to our attention, is when Plato talks about how a true philosopher would welcome death instead of being afraid of it. His reasoning for this is that a true philosopher who applies himself in the right way will not be concerned with worldly, material matters and would rather use his soul to understand and reflect. He tries to disconnect himself from his body in order to be free from bodily distractions. There can be no certainty with bodily sensations; they cannot be trusted to be reliable. The truest perception of the real nature of any given thing can only be discerned by the soul and its own investigations rather than by any bodily perception. Therefore in this way the body is distinct from the soul. It is only with the explorations of the soul itself that man can discover the true nature of a given thing. If he were to use bodily perceptions, he would surely be led astray.

This I believe to be a correct observation, as the body only serves to confuse the soul s interpretation of an event or object. The signals received from the body s sensory organs such as the eyes or the ears can be misunderstood by the soul, bringing about a false understanding of the event or object. When these sensations and perceptions are not relied upon and rather ignored, the soul is able to reflect upon the circumstance of the event or the nature of the object objectively, without any chance of being influenced by the biases that the body brings. It would be very difficult to attain such a state of independence in order to unearth the truth though.

The Cycle of Opposites argument also shows another main difference between the body and soul. This argument is based on the cyclical interchange by means of which every quality comes into being from its own opposite e.g. hot comes from cold and cold from hot: that is, hot things are just cold things that have heated up and cold things are just hot things that have cooled down. By the same analogy, death must come from life and life must come from death. People who are dead are just people who were alive but then experienced the transition to the state of death, and people who are alive were among those who were dead but then experienced the transition to the state of birth. This suggests that souls are brought back and forth from the dead to living and vice versa and therefore we can infer that our souls continue to exist after the death of our bodies and that our souls existed before the birth of our bodies. This again gives us a difference between the body and soul. The soul, according to Plato, exists before our birth and after our death and continually exists whereas our bodies are born and die and do not continue to exist. This is examined further in his later arguments.

This is a little harder to agree with, as there is no irrefutable evidence to prove that the soul can come back after the death of the body. I understand the argument that Plato has put forward and it is very well constructed one but it has little link to widespread religious beliefs.

Plato s Theory of Recollection follows on from the Cycle of Opposites and argues that all human knowledge is recollected from knowledge acquired before birth. It looks at the way in which a human s experience of forms such as Equality and Beauty is only a pale imitation of that which can be experienced by the mind and soul alone. This can be shown by the fact when people are reminded of something but conclude that it is only a poor imitation of that thing, they must have some previous recollection of that thing in its true form. Since we have this knowledge of supra-sensible realities that could not possible have been obtained through any bodily experience, it follows that this knowledge must be a form of recollection and that our souls must have had experience of these forms prior to its birth. In that case, the body is distinct from the soul in that the soul is immortal. Plato also reasons that just as a thing that is beautiful is beautiful because it partakes in the Form of Beauty, so the soul is living and must be participating in the Form of Life and therefore it cannot die. The soul is perfectly and certainly imperishable as opposed to the body, which is perishable.

Plato likens the soul to that which is divine, immortal, uniform, self-consistent and invariable but the body is likened to that which is human, mortal and inconsistent. He maintains throughout that the body and soul are two distinct entities, the soul being highly superior to the body in terms of intelligence and divinity.

Descartes also shows in his Meditations, a few ways in which body and mind are distinct. In the First Meditation, he indicates his desire to have only true beliefs. One way to accomplish this, he says, is to doubt everything that he can suspect of error. The main assumption that he brings under suspicion is the reliability of sensory information. He proposes to systematically doubt anything, which he has any reason to doub