Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe (, – , ) was an , , , and , and is considered part of the in the United States. Best known for his tales of and the , Poe was one of the early American practitioners of the short story and invented the genre. He is also credited with contributing to the emerging genre of . He was the first American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
He was born Edgar Poe in , . His parents died when he was young, after which he was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of , , who never formally adopted him. Poe grew up in relative wealth. After his short period at the and brief attempt at a military career, Poe and the Allans parted ways. Poe's publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian". He soon moved to , , to live with blood relatives, and switched his focus from poetry to prose. He spent the next several years working for various literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including , ; and , . In Baltimore in 1835, he married , his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem "", to instant success. His wife died of two years later. He began planning to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed ), though he died before it could be produced. On , , at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is undetermined and has been attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, , drugs, , , suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents.
Poe's legacy includes a significant influence in literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as and . Poe and his works appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, television, and video games. Some of his homes are dedicated museums today.
Life and career
This bust of Edgar Allan Poe is found at the where, having lost his tuition due to gambling, he dropped out in 1827.
Early life
Poe was born Edgar Poe to a family in , on , . He was the second child of actress and actor David Poe, Jr. Edgar Poe had an elder brother, William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe. His father abandoned their family in 1810, and his mother died a year later from . Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in , who dealt in a variety of goods including tobacco, cloth, wheat, tombstones, and . The Allans served as a foster family but never formally adopted Poe, though they gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe".
The Allan family had young Edgar baptized in the in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son. The family, including Edgar and Allan's wife, Frances Valentine Allan, sailed to England in 1815. Edgar attended the Grammar School in , Scotland (where John Allan was born) for a short period in 1815, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. He studied at a boarding school in until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House School at , then a suburb four miles (6 km) north of London.
Poe moved back with the Allans to Richmond, Virginia in 1820. In 1825, John Allan's friend and business benefactor William Galt, said to be the wealthiest man in Richmond, died and left Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000. By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick home named Moldavia. Poe may have become engaged to before he registered at the one-year old in February 1826 to study languages. The University, in its infancy, was established on the ideals of its founder, . It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco and alcohol, but these rules were generally ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high drop-out rate. During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. Poe claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased. Poe gave up on the University after a year, and, not feeling welcome in Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married Alexander Shelton, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer. At some point he started using the Henri Le Rennet.
Military career
Unable to support himself, on , , Poe enlisted in the as a private. Using the name "Edgar A. Perry", he claimed he was 22 years old even though he was 18. He first served at in for five dollars a month. That same year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poetry, , attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention. Poe's regiment was posted to in and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on , . Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for , and had his monthly pay doubled. After serving for two years and attaining the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank a noncommissioned officer can achieve), Poe sought to end his five-year enlistment early. He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his , Lieutenant Howard, who would only allow Poe to be if he reconciled with John Allan. Howard wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic. Several months passed and pleas to Allan were ignored; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on , , and Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, John Allan agreed to support Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the at West Point.
Poe finally was discharged on , after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him. Before entering West Point, Poe moved back to Baltimore for a time, to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter, (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. Meanwhile, Poe published his second book, Al Aaraaf Tamerlane and Minor Poems, in Baltimore in 1829.
Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on , . In October 1830, John Allan married his second wife, Louisa Patterson. The marriage, and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of affairs, led to the foster father finally disowning Poe. Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting . On , , he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. Poe tactically pled not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing he would be found guilty.
He left for New York in February 1831, and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had been writing about commanding officers. Printed by Elam Bliss of New York, it was labeled as "Second Edition" and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated." The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six previously unpublished poems including early versions of "", "", and "". He returned to Baltimore, to his aunt, brother and cousin, in March 1831. Henry, who had been in ill health in part due to problems with alcoholism, died on , .
Publishing career
After his brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer. He chose a difficult time in American publishing to do so. He was the first American to try to live by writing alone and was hampered by the lack of an international law. Publishers often pirated copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans. The industry was also particularly hurt by the , Despite a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, many did not last beyond a few issues and publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised. As Poe began his literary career, he would soon be forced to constantly make humiliating pleas for money and other assistance for the rest of his life.
Poe married his 13-year old cousin . Her early death may have inspired some of his writing.
After his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose . He placed a few stories with a publication and began work on his only drama, Politian. The Saturday Visitor, a Baltimore paper, awarded Poe a prize in October 1833 for his short story "". The story brought him to the attention of , a Baltimorian of considerable means. He helped Poe place some of his stories, and also introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the in . Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835. Within a few weeks, he was discharged after being found drunk repeatedly. Returning to Baltimore, Poe secretly married Virginia, his cousin, on , . She was 13 at the time, though she is listed on the marriage certificate as being 21. Reinstated by White after promising good behavior, Poe went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, its circulation increased from 700 to 3500. He published several poems, book reviews, criticism, and stories in the paper. On , , he had a second marriage in Richmond with Virginia Clemm, this time in public.
was published and widely reviewed in 1838. In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of . He published a large number of articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation as a trenchant critic that he had established at the Southern Literary Messenger. Also in 1839, the collection was published in two volumes, though he made little money off of it and it received mixed reviews. Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as assistant at .
In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal, . Originally, Poe intended to call the journal The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the , issue of Philadelphia's , Poe purchased advertising space for his prospectus: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe." The journal would never be produced before Poe's death.
One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, now known as , while singing and playing the piano. Poe described it as breaking a blood vessel in her throat. She only partially recovered. Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of Virginia's illness. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York, where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the and, later, sole owner. There he alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing of , though Longfellow never responded. On , , his poem "" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. Though it made Poe a household name almost instantly, he only was paid $9 for its publication.
Poe spent the last few years of his life in a small cottage in the Bronx, New York.
The Broadway Journal failed in 1846. Poe moved to a cottage in the section of . That home, known today as the "Poe Cottage", is on the southeast corner of the and Kingsbridge Road. Virginia died there on , . Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.
Increasingly unstable after his wife's death, Poe attempted to court the poet , who lived in . Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. However, there is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship. Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with a childhood sweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster.
Death
Edgar Allan Poe is buried in Baltimore, Maryland. The circumstances of his death are very mysterious and the true cause is uncertain.
Main article:
On , , Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to the man who found him, Joseph W. Walker. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died on Sunday, , , at 5:00 in the morning. Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say Poe's final words were "Lord help my poor soul." Poe suffered from bouts of depression and madness, and he may have attempted suicide in 1848. The precise cause of Poe's death remains a mystery.
Griswold's "Memoir"
The day Edgar Allan Poe was buried, a long obituary appeared in the signed "Ludwig". It was soon published throughout the country. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as , a minor editor and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became executor of Poe's literary estate and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.
Rufus Griswold wrote a biographical "Memoir" of Poe, which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. Griswold depicted Poe as a depraved, drunk, drug-addled madman and included forged letters as evidence. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well, but it became a popularly accepted one. This was due in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man. Letters that Griswold presented as proof of this depiction of Poe were later revealed as .
Literary theory
1860s portrait by Oscar Halling after an 1849 daguerreotype
In his essay "", Poe argued that there is no such thing as a long poem, since the ultimate purpose of art is ; that is, its purpose is the effect it has on its audience, and this effect can only be maintained for a brief period of time (the time it takes to read a lyric poem, watch a drama performed, or view a painting). He argued that an , if it has any value at all, must be a series of smaller pieces, each geared towards a single effect or sentiment, which "elevates the soul". He also disagreed with in poetry, a sentiment often extended to his fiction. In his criticism, Poe said that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface, and that works whose meanings are too obvious cease to be art.
Poe's essay "", an overview of his method in writing "The Raven", is one of his most complete discussions of his literary theory. In it, Poe claimed he worked with extreme precision and care, believing that in writing every sentiment and idea must be carefully conceived and calculated. Such work should focus around a specific single effect. It has been questioned, however, if Poe really followed the system he described. said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization than literary criticism".
In his own fiction, Poe often included elements of popular such as and . Much of his work deals with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of , the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Though known as a masterful practitioner of , Poe did not invent the genre; he was following a long-standing popular tradition.
Much of Poe's work has been read as , though he himself disliked allegory: "In defence of allegory, (however, or for whatever object, employed,) there is scarcely one respectable word to be said. Its best appeals are made to the fancy — that is to say, to our sense of adaptation, not of matters proper, but of matters improper for the purpose, of the real with the unreal; having never more of intelligible connection than has something with nothing, never half so much of effective affinity as has the substance for the shadow."
Legacy
Literary influence
Main article:
Poe was one of the first American authors of the nineteenth century to become more popular in Europe. Poe is particularly respected in , in part due to early translations by . Baudelaire's translations quickly became definitive renditions of Poe's work throughout Europe.
Poe's early tales starring the fictitious laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" The have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "". Poe's work also influenced , notably , who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel called The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, Le sphinx des glaces. Science fiction author noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."
Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned innumerable imitators. One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by or to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit beyond the grave. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who in 1863 published Poems from the Inner Life, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.
Even so, Poe has not received only praise. was generally critical of Poe, calling him "vulgar". reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it." wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical" - the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.
Physics and cosmology
, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that anticipated the theory by 80 years, as well as the first plausible solution to . Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure . For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science, but insisted that it was still true and considered it to be his career masterpiece. Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions opposed regarding the density and rotation of planets.
Cryptography
Poe had a keen interest in the field of . He had placed a notice of his abilities in the paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of , which he proceeded to solve. In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in . Realizing the public interest in the topic, he wrote "" incorporating ciphers as part of the story. Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage. The sensation Poe created with his cryptography stunt played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.
Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest in his lifetime. , America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe. Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child - interest he later put to use in deciphering 's code during .
Poe Toaster
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Adding to the mystery surrounding Poe's death, an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster" has paid homage to Poe's grave every year since 1949. As the tradition has been carried on for over 50 years, it is likely that the "Poe Toaster" is actually several individuals; however, the tribute is always the same. Every January 19, in the early hours of the morning, the man makes a toast of to Poe's original grave marker and leaves three roses. Members of the Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore have helped in protecting this tradition for decades. On , , Sam Porpora, a former historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried, claimed that he had started the tradition in the 1960s. The claim that the tradition began in 1949, he said, was a hoax in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed, and some details he has given to the press have been pointed out as factually inaccurate.
Poe as a character
Main articles: and
The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often representing the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggles. Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting Poe and his characters share identities. Often, fictional depictions of Poe utilize his mystery-solving skills in such novels as by .
Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums
The in Philadelphia is one of several preserved former residences of Poe.
No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. However, the oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in use as the , though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items Poe used during his time with the Allan family and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. The dorm room Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826 is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known as the .
The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the . Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe). It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society. Of the several homes that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the last house has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843–44, is today preserved by the as the . Poe's final home is preserved as the Poe Cottage in the Bronx, New York.
Other Poe landmarks include a building in the where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. In Boston, a plaque hangs near the building where Poe was born once stood. Believed to have been located at 62 Carver Street (now Charles Street), the plaque is possibly in an incorrect location. The bar in which legend says Poe was last seen drinking before his death still stands in in Baltimore, Maryland. Though the name has changed and it is now known as The Horse You Came In On, local lore insists that a ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.
Selected list of works
Main article:
Tales
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
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"" | Poetry
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
Other Works
– Poe's only complete novel
"" – Essay
– Essay
"" – A journalistic printed as a true story
See also



References
Notes
Stableford, Brian. "Science fiction before the genre." The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction, Eds. Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press, 2003. pp. 18–19.
^ Meyers, 138
Meyers, 256
^ Allen, Hervey. "Introduction". The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1927.
^ Canada, Mark, ed. "". Canada's America. 1997. Retrieved on .
Meyers, 8
Quinn, 61
^ Meyers, 9
Silverman, 16–18
Silverman, 27–28
Silverman, 29–30
Meyers, 21–22
Silverman, 32–34
Meyers, 32
Silverman, 41
Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 13
Meyers, 32
Meyers, 33–34
Meyers, 35
Silverman, 43–47
Meyers, 38
Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. pp. 13–14
Krutch, 32
Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe", Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Harold Bloom, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 14
Meyers, 54–55
Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 49–51
Meyers, 50–51
Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 53–54
Quinn, 187–188
Whalen, 64
^ Quinn, 305
Silverman, 247
Whalen, 74
Silverman, 99
Whalen, 82
Meyers, 139
Sova, 162
Sova, 225
Meyers, 73
Meyers, 85
Silverman, 124
Meyers, 113
Sova, 39, 99
Meyers, 119
Silverman, 159
Silverman, 179
^ Sova, 34
Quinn, 455
Hoffman, 80
Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", Poe Studies 5.1 (1982): 5
^ . Bronx Historical Society. Retrieved on -.
Weekes, Karen. "Poe's feminine ideal," The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Ed. Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 149.
Benton, Richard P. "Friends and Enemies: Women in the Life of Edgar Allan Poe", Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1987. p. 19
Quinn, 628
Quinn, 638
^ Meyers, 255
Silverman, 374
Silverman, 435
Meyers, 259. To read Griswold's full obituary, see at Wikisource.
^ Hoffman, 14
Sova, 101
Meyers, 263
Quinn, 669
Kagle, Steven E. "The Corpse Within Us", Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, Ed. Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. p. 104
Wilbur, Richard. "The House of Poe," Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 99
Jannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos). "," Poe Studies 7.1 (1974): 3.
Krutch, 225
Hoffman, 76
Krutch, 98
Edward Hungerford. "Poe and Phrenology," American Literature 1 (1930): 209–31.
Erik Grayson. "Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe" Mode 1 (2005): 56–77.
Kennedy, J. Gerald. Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. Yale University Press, 1987. p3.
Fisher, Benjamin F.. ""Poe and the Gothic Tradition"". The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: 72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. His only contribution to the genre was in shifting from a focus on terror as entertainment to a more sophisticated attempt at eliciting a psychological response in the reader.Fisher, Benjamin F.. ""Poe and the Gothic Tradition"". The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: 78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Poe, Edgar Allan. "". Godey's Lady's Book. (November 1847): 252–56. Retrieved on .
Meyers, 258
Harner, Gary Wayne. "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love", Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, Ed. Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1990. p. 218.
Poe Encyclopedia, 103
Neimeyer, Mark. "Poe and Popular Culture," Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 206
Poe Encyclopedia, 364
Poe Encyclopedia, 372
Meyers, 281
Carlson, Eric Walter (1996). . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 476. .
Meyers, 274
Silverman, 265
Huxley, Aldous. "Vulgarity in Literature," Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967. p. 32
and Keay Davidson. Wrinkles in Time. Harper Perennial, Reprint edition (October 1, 1994)
^ Meyers, 214
Silverman, 399
Meyers, 219
Sova, 82
^ Silverman, 152
Rosenheim, 2, 6
Friedman, William F. "Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer", On Poe: The Best from "American Literature". Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. p. 40–41
Rosenheim, 15
Rosenheim, 146
Hall, Wiley. "," , August 15, 2007.
Associated Press (August 15, 2007). . FoxNews.com. Retrieved on -.
Neimeyer, Mark. "Poe and Popular Culture," The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 209
Gargano, James W. "The Question of Poe's Narrators," Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 165
Maslin, Janet. "", International Herald Tribune, -. Retrieved on -.
. . Retrieved on .
Burns, Niccole. "", School of Communication - University of Miami, -. Retrieved on -.
Van Hoy, David C. . The Boston Globe, Feb. 18, 2007
Glenn, Joshua. The Boston Globe April 9, 2007
Lake, Matt. Weird Maryland, Sterling Publishing, New York, 2006, p. 195.
General references
Foye, Raymond (editor) (1980). The Unknown Poe, Paperback ed., San Francisco, CA: City Lights. .
Frank, Fredierck S.; Anthony Magistrale (1997). The Poe Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. .
(1998). Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe, Paperback ed., Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press. .
Krutch, Joseph Wood (1926). Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy, Paperback ed., New York: Cooper Square Press. .
Quinn, Arthur Hobson (1941). Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.. .
Rosenheim, Shawn James (1997). The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. .
(1991). Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance, Paperback ed., New York: Harper Perennial. .
Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z, Paperback ed., New York: Checkmark Books. .
Whalen, Terence. "Poe and the American Publishing Industry", as collected in A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press, 2001.
External links
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About Poe

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