Marie Curie (Марія Кюрі)

Maria Skіodowska-Curie.
Born | , (1867-11-07)
,
Died | , (aged )
,
Nationality | ,
Field | and
Institutions
Alma | and
Academic
Notable

Known
Notable | (1903)
(1911)
The only person to win two in different science fields. Married (1895); their children were and .


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Maria Skіodowska-Curie (born Maria Skіodowska; , – , ) was a and of upbringing and, subsequently, citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of , the first twice-honored (and still the only one in two different sciences) and the first female professor at the .
She was born in , , , and lived there until she was 24. In 1891 she followed her elder sister to study in , where she obtained her higher degrees and conducted her scientific work. She founded the in Paris and Warsaw. She was the wife of fellow-Nobel-laureate and the mother of a third Nobel laureate, .
While an actively loyal French citizen, she never lost her sense of Polish identity and named the first that she discovered for her native country.
Life
Maria Skіodowska's birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street) in 's "."
Maria Skіodowska was born in to , Bronisіawa and Wіadysіaw Skіodowski, both of whom were teachers and instilled in their children a sense of the value of learning.
Maria was the youngest of five children: Zofia (born 1862), Jуzef (1863), Bronisіawa (1865), Helena (1866) and finally Maria (1867).
Maria's early years were marked by the death of her sister Zofia (from ) and, two years later, the death of her mother (). These events caused her to give up her Roman Catholic religion and become an .
In her youth Skіodowska showed an exceptional memory and diligent , and was known to neglect food and even sleep in order to study. At age fifteen she graduated from at the top of her class.
, near 's . At a lab here, Maria Skіodowska did her first scientific work (1890-91).
Because she was female, and because of reprisals following the Polish against , Skіodowska was denied admission to a regular university. She worked several years as a private tutor while attending 's illegal and helped support her elder sister Bronisіawa, who was studying medicine in . Eventually in 1891, having saved up money earned as a , Maria went to join her elder sister in .
Skіodowska studied , and at the . (Later, in 1909, she would become that University's first female professor, when she was named to her late husband's chair in physics, which he had held for only a year and a half before his tragic death.) In early 1893 she graduated first in her undergraduate class. A year later, also at the University of Paris, she obtained her in mathematics. In 1903, under the supervision of , she received her from the , becoming the first woman in France to complete a doctorate.
At the University of Paris, she met and married . At the time, Pierre Curie was an instructor in the School of Physics and Chemistry (). Skіodowska was a student at the , and had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels; it was their mutual interest in that drew Skіodowska and Curie together.
and Marie Curie in their Paris lab before 1907 (he died in 1906).
Eventually they studied materials, particularly — the from which was extracted — which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. By April 1898 Skіodowska-Curie deduced that pitchblende must contain traces of an unknown substance far more radioactive than uranium. In July 1898 Pierre and Marie together published an article announcing the existence of an element which they named , in honor of Skіodowska-Curie's native country Poland, then still partitioned among three empires. On , , the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named , for its intense — a word that they coined.
Over the course of several years' unceasing work in the most difficult physical conditions, they processed several tons of , progressively concentrating the radioactive substances and eventually isolating the chloride salts (refining on , ). Polonium was not yet isolated at this time.
One of Maria Skіodowska-Curie's two diplomas.
In 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded , Marie Curie, and the , "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the phenomena discovered by Professor ."
Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, she received the 1911 , "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".
In an unusual decision, Skіodowska-Curie intentionally refrained from the radium-isolation process, leaving it open so that the scientific community could do research unhindered.
A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalized with depression and a kidney ailment.
Skіodowska-Curie was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who have been awarded a in two different fields, the other being (Chemistry, Peace). She remains the only woman to have won two Nobel Prizes, and the only person to have won Nobel Prizes in two different fields. Nevertheless, the refused to abandon its prejudice against women, and she failed by one vote to be elected to membership. (Pierre had been elected to the Academy in 1905.)
, hereditary in Skіodowska's family.
On , , Pierre was killed in a street accident as he was leaving a publishers office. He had gone there to review proofs of an article, and found the business closed due to a strike. Heading back across the street in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull. While it has been speculated that he may previously have been weakened by prolonged radiation exposure, it has not been proven that this was the cause of the accident. Marie was devastated by her husband's death and may subsequently have had an affair with physicist [] — a married man who had left his wife — which resulted in a press scandal, exploited by her academic opponents. Despite her fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended toward .
Langevin's grandson Michel Langevin later married Skіodowska-Curie's granddaughter, .
During , Skіodowska-Curie pushed for the use of mobile units, which came to be popularly known as "Little Curies" (petites Curies), for the treatment of wounded soldiers. These units were powered using tubes of radium emanation, a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as . Skіodowska-Curie personally provided the tubes, derived from the radium she purified. Also, promptly after the war started, she donated her and her husband's gold for the war effort.
After World War I, in 1921 and again in 1929, Skіodowska-Curie toured the , where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium. These distractions from her scientific labours, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided many resources for her work. Her second American tour succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute, founded in 1925 with her sister Bronisіawa as director.
In her later years, Skіodowska-Curie headed the and a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the .
20,000- with likeness of Maria Skіodowska-Curie.
500- with Marie Curie and (background) her husband and 1903 fellow-Nobel-laureate, .
Plaque commemorating Maria Skіodowska-Curie's first scientific work (1890–91), in a laboratory at 66, .
Her death near , , in 1934 was from , almost certainly due to exposure to radiation, as the damaging effects of were not yet known, and much of her work had been carried out in a shed with no safety measures. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket and stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the pretty blue-green light the substances gave off in the dark.
She was interred at the cemetery in , where Pierre lay, but sixty years later, in 1995, in honor of their work, the remains of both were transferred to the in .
The Curies' elder daughter, , won a for Chemistry in 1935 for discovering that aluminium could be radioactive and emit neutrons when bombarded with alpha rays. The younger daughter, , wrote the biography, Madame Curie, after her mother's death.
Prizes
(1903)
(1903)
(1904)
(1911)
Tribute
As one of the most famous female scientists to date, Marie Curie has been an icon in the scientific world and has inspired many tributes and recognitions. In 1995, she was the first and only woman laid to rest under the famous dome of the , in Paris, on her own merits, alongside her husband. The (symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in their honour, as is the element with atomic number 96 - .
Skіodowska-Curie's likeness appeared on the Polish late-1980s . Her likeness also appeared on stamps and coins, and on the last French 500- note, with her husband, before the franc was made obsolete by the .
and starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar-nominated film, , based on her life. "Marie Curie" is also the name of a character in a 1988 comedy, , by .
Three radioactive minerals are named after the Curies: , , and .
, the largest science, technology and medicine university in France, and successor institution to the faculty of science at the , where she taught, is named in honour of her and Pierre. The university is home to the laboratory where they discovered .
Another school named for her, Marie Curie , in Bayside, New York, specializes in and as does , located in the community area of on . It has a Technical, Performing Arts and IB program.
In 2007, the station was renamed the "" station.
The Medallion, a panel created by , may be found at the Polish Room.
See also
At the First (1911), Skіodowska-Curie (seated, 2nd from right), the only woman present, confers with . Standing, 4th from right, is ; 2nd from right, ; at far right, .
in
in



Further reading
Naomi Pasachoff, Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity, New York, , 1996.
. Madame Curie: A Biography. .
Quinn, Susan. Marie Curie: A Life. .
Goldsmith, Barbara. Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie. .
Fiction
Olov Enquist, Per. The Book about Blanche and Marie. . a fictionalized account of relationships among Curie, JM Charcot and Blanche Wittman
References
Reid, Robert William (1974). Marie Curie. London: Collins, page 19. . "Unusually at such an early age, she became what T. H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic."
. Retrieved on -.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
has a collection of quotations related to:
Two biographies of Skіodowska-Curie, one brief and one comprehensive.
-A study of women physicists
Chronology from nobelprize.org
and – Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her award lecture etc.
in English.
; with quotes, photographs, links etc.
at American Institute of Physics website (site also has a short version for kids entitled, UK

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